by Lant Pritchett.
The US had a chance to lead. It abdicated that chance, to play
domestic politics and put forward a US nominee who is manifestly less
qualified to be head of the World Bank, than the alternative candidate
nominated by African countries: Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala.
The World Bank is a full-service development institution that
provides loans, grants and development advice to promote
development, which is the transformation of countries towards
prosperous economies that support broad based improvements in material
well-being, democratic polities that respect citizen rights and
respond to citizen demands, and capable administrations that allow
governments to carry out their core functions: law and order,
education, macro-economic management, health, infrastructure,
regulation, security.
Therefore an ideal candidate should have:
- Some experience in government and the process of policy-making (as
the World Bank's clients are all governments); - Some acquaintance with economic policy and policy making: including
the tough choices like allocation of resources across uses; - Some knowledge of finance (it is, after all, a bank that makes income
from lending money); - Perhaps some management experience in a multilateral organization;
- Exposure to the breadth of development issues.
- Experience in Government.
- Ngozi has been the Minister of Finance of
Nigeria, twice. If one had to name a tough job in the world, I think
that would be it. She did it first from 2003 to 2006 and by all
accounts handled a very tough situation -- including tackling entrenched
corruption -- in an admirable way. Jim (to be fair we'll use first
names for both) has no experience in government. He has been engaged
in development as an academic and through NGOs.
Advantage Ngozi. - Acquaintance with Economic Policy.
- Ngozi has had training
in economic development from MIT. Jim has been trained as doctor and
anthropologist. Ngozi has been a Minister of Finance making budget
allocations and dealt with the entire array of economic policies to
promote growth and prosperity. Jim has worked exclusively on health
issues (rightly, as he is a physician) and never been in position of
responsibility about economic policy. Health was just one of many
sectors for which Ngozi had to allocate budgets and promote
performance.
Advantage Ngozi. - Knowledge of Finance.
- Ngozi has been a Minister of Finance
as such, among other things, she led the Paris Club negotiations that
led to billions of dollars debt relief for Nigeria. Jim has no
demonstrable experience in finance, banking, the private sector.
Advantage Ngozi. - Management Experience.
- From 2007 to 2011 Ngozi was a Managing
Director of the World Bank. She therefore has in-depth experience
running a large and complex multi-lateral organization. Jim was director of WHO's HIV/AIDS department, from 2004 to 2006, and so has some
experience in a multilateral organization. Jim has also, for two years, been president of an American university. But while Ngozi was near
the top of a large organization dealing with all development issues
Jim was responsible for one disease in an organization that does only
health.
Advantage Ngozi. - Breadth of exposure.
- There is a massive difference between doing
development policy, and doing charity work to mitigate the consequences
of the lack of development. Ngozi has done development policy in many
settings and in many positions both in Nigeria and within the World
Bank. Jim deserves praise for having devoted his time, attention and
expertise in medicine to improve the health care for people in the
developing world -- which is certainly one component of development --
but
his development experience is limited.
Advantage Ngozi. - Passport.
- Jim holds an American passport. Ngozi is a
Nigerian woman.
Advantage Jim.
In this day and age, is that still really all it takes?
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