I was at a money changer at Heathrow, and saw a tariff card, for
purchase and sale of a few currencies (all to the GBP). (This was a
while ago: It was on 12 May 2011).
This makes you think: What countries land up in this display, and
how bad are the spreads? It's useful to express these spreads as 100*(offer-bid)/(0.5*(bid+offer)).
Let's start with the tightest spreads: USD and EUR. The spread --
19.98% for the Euro and 20.87% for the USD -- is a pretty huge one
compared with the incredible transaction efficiencies that we're used to seeing
on NSE and BSE. And, there is an additional charge of min(1.5%, GBP 3) charge. This is a very inefficient consumer front-end, atleast compared to what we have seen is possible in the Indian exchange industry.
Where is this spread coming from? The bid/offer spread on the wholesale market for the
USD/GBP and the EUR/GBP is roughly zero. The inventory risk carried
by the money changing firm must also be quite low given that many
customers are likely to come by with such orders with both buy and sell traffic. The USD/GBP is a floating rate, which imposes price risk on inventory, but the inventory is likely to be small, and it's not hard for the firm to lay off this risk in realtime using an automated order placement strategy on a currency futures exchange. Hence, the values of
the spread seen there primarily represent the pure cost of the retail front-end
: paying rent, paying salaries, the cost of capital etc.
The lowest value seen -- a spread of 19.98% for the EUR/GBP -- should be interpreted as the frontier. This reflects pure order processing costs. Every other currency fares worse than this. It's hence interesting to subtract out this lowest value, and try to understand how far the various currencies are from the frontier.
| Euro | 0 |
| USD | 0.892 |
| Japan | 2.141 |
| Australia | 2.479 |
| Saudi Arabia | 4.372 |
| UAE | 4.705 |
| Russia | 6.181 |
| Malaysia | 6.911 |
| Thailand | 7.695 |
| China | 8.860 |
| Kenya | 9.823 |
| Sri Lanka | 13.788 |
| India | 16.853 |
Japan and Australia are floating rates with full
convertibility. There is no illegality involved. But the inventory
risk is greater given that these are smaller countries; there would
be fewer buyers/sellers of their currencies to the GBP. The vol is
much like GBP/USD or GBP/EUR, so the enhanced spread reflects
purely the greater inventory risk. It may also be the case that currency hedging is harder -- is there an exchange where you can have an algorithm placing orders for GBP/AUD? I doubt it.
Saudi Arabia and UAE have credible hard pegs to the USD. Their vol
to the GBP is exactly the vol of the USD to the GBP. (And, they are
as convertible as the US). But their spreads are much bigger than
that seen for the USD. It must reflect a small number of
transactions and hence inventory risk. They are small countries and few transactions would be taking place. Many of their
nationals would probably hold the bulk of their liquid wealth in USD
so the question of transacting through the local currency might not
even arise.
Russia has full capital account convertibility, so there is no
illegality. But it's a highly volatile currency, hedging is likely to be hard, and the transaction
flow is small. So we get the next step up in the spread, to
6.18%.
China has near-zero volatility to the USD, which means they are a
high volatility rate to the GBP. GBP/USD is a fair proxy for hedging GBP/CNY. It is a big country so there must
be quite a bit of traffic; there would be low inventory risk. The
real issue is the illegality. The enhanced spread is the price paid
by people undertaking these transactions, for the capital controls of
China.
And then we have India, the fattest spread in this group of
countries, where I reckon it's a combination of illegality (akin to
China), low volume of transactions (since India is a much smaller
economy than China) and currency volatility (since India floats
while China does not). INR/GBP currency futures trading through an algorithm is not available to a global firm, since they are prohibited from sending orders into India.
I wasn't able to make any sense of the list of countries that
showed up in the list. Why Kenya and Sri Lanka, and why not Nigeria
or Indonesia?
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